ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Developed endplate geometry for uniform contact pressure distribution over PEMFC active area
Contact resistance among the components of a polymer exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a crucial effect on cell performance. The geometry of the endplate plays an essential role in the contact pressure distribution over the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and the amount of contact resistance between plates. In this work, the effects of endplate geometry on the contact pressure distribution over the MEA have been explored through computational simulations using ABAQUS software. A new geometry for the endplate has been proposed and was then compared to flat endplates. Geometrical parameters of an endplate having a curvature (bomb-shaped endplate) were considered, and the effects of these parameters on the contact pressure distribution over the MEA were investigated. Through the simulations, a 3D model of the fuel cell was developed. The simulation results showed good performances for the designed endplate and uniform contact pressure distribution on the fuel cell active area. Finally, a single fuel cell was manufactured and assembled using the simulation parameters, and experimental tests were conducted using pressure measurement film to evaluate the design.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_902_64dbb4eb4cef22c1dfc64a1e5ad43773.pdf
2020-06-01
1
12
10.22104/ijhfc.2020.4027.1200
Geometry of endplate
Contact pressure distribution
Membrane electrode assembly
Finite element simulation
Pressure measurement film
Mohammad
Barzegari
barzegari@mut.ac.ir
1
Fuel Cell Technology Research Laboratory, Malek Ashtar University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Ghadimi
ghadimi@mut.ac.ir
2
Fuel Cell Technology Research Laboratory, Malek Ashtar University of Technology
AUTHOR
Mostafa
Habibnia
m.habibnia@jouybariau.ac.ir
3
Department of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Momenifar
momenifar@mut.ac.ir
4
Fuel Cell Technology Research Laboratory, Malek Ashtar University of Technology
AUTHOR
Kamal
Mohammadi
kamal.mohammadi@mut.ac.ir
5
Fuel Cell Technology Research Laboratory, Malek Ashtar University of Technology
AUTHOR
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2
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4
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5
[6] Kum YB, Kim SH, Yang YC, Lee SH, Do Suh J, Yim CH, et al. Fuel cell stack clamping device. Google Patents; 2010.
6
[7] Alizadeh E, Ghadimi M, Barzegari M, Momenifar M, Saadat S. Development of contact pressure distribution of PEM fuel cell's MEA using novel clamping mechanism. Energy. 2017;131:92-7.
7
[8] Alizadeh E, Barzegari M, Momenifar M, Ghadimi M, Saadat S. Investigation of contact pressure distribution over the active area of PEM fuel cell stack. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41:3062-71.
8
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9
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[12] Bates A, Mukherjee S, Hwang S, Lee SC, Kwon O, Choi GH, et al. Simulation and experimental analysis of the clamping pressure distribution in a PEM fuel cell stack. International journal of hydrogen energy. 2013;38:6481-93.
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14
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15
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16
[17] Lee W-k, Ho C-H, Van Zee J, Murthy M. The effects of compression and gas diffusion layers on the performance of a PEM fuel cell. Journal of power sources. 1999;84:45-51.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Exergy and Energy Analysis of Effective Utilization of Carbon Dioxide in the Gas-to-Methanol Process
Two process models are used to convert carbon dioxide into methanol. These processes have been extended and improved using Aspen Plus simulator software. Both processes are found in the CO2 correction system. In this machine, the desired synthesis gas is produced in a flexible configuration. At the same time, the conversion of CO2 to hydrogen via a copper-based catalyst has been accomplished in the methanol blending and bonding machine to produce the target product, methanol. The simulation results show that, in both proposed CO2-gas-to-methanol process, the energy efficiency can be significantly increased, and the CO2 emission significantly reduced as compared to the conventional Gas-to-methanol process. Energy efficiency is also affected by the recycling factor. The higher the recycling factor, the better the CO2 conversion and reaction will be as well as increased energy efficiency and decreased CO2 emission. However, the refractive index seems to have little effect on energy efficiency, and the useful recovery that goes back to the breeder is meager. Implementation of the carbon dioxide utilization process for gas-to-methanol units has significant impacts on these systems in the term of energy and exergy, the performance ratios increased 6.5 and 4.2%, respectively, compared to the base cases. Regarding exergoeconomics, the exergy cost rate decreased 71 $/s. An exergoenvironmental analysis showed the impacts are significant. The environmental impact difference increased by 3%, which, because of its definite form, means a carbon dioxide utilization plant makes a more significant positive difference in the environment.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_903_eb42e08ef33b21c5bc15b96d9f6a0989.pdf
2020-06-25
13
31
10.22104/ijhfc.2020.4134.1203
Greenhouse gas
Carbon dioxide utilization
Methanol
Exergy analysis
Nima
Norouzi
nima1376@aut.ac.ir
1
Department of energy engineering and physics, Amirkabir university of technology (Tehran polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeed
Talebi
sa.talebi2015@gmail.com
2
Department of energy engineering and physics, Amirkabir university of technology (Tehran polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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3
[4]. Sasinun Thirabunjongcharoen, Palang Bumroongsakulsawat, Piyasan Praserthdam, Sumittra Charojrochkul, Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Pattaraporn Kim-Lohsoontorn, Thermally double coupled reactor coupling aqueous phase glycerol reforming and methanol synthesis, Catalysis Today, 2020, ISSN 0920-5861, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.043.
4
[5]. Giacomo Butera, Rasmus Østergaard Gadsbøll, Giulia Ravenni, Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Ulrik Birk Henriksen, Lasse Røngaard Clausen, Thermodynamic analysis of methanol synthesis combining straw gasification and electrolysis via the low temperature circulating fluid bed gasifier and a char bed gas cleaning unit, Energy, 2020, 117405, ISSN 0360-5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117405.
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[6]. Karittha Im-orb, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Process and sustainability analyses of the integrated biomass pyrolysis, gasification, and methanol synthesis process for methanol production, Energy, Volume 193, 2020, 116788, ISSN 0360-5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116788.
6
[7]. Woo Jin Lee, Ankur Bordoloi, Jim Patel, Tejas Bhatelia, The effect of metal additives in Cu/Zn/Al2O3 as a catalyst for low-pressure methanol synthesis in an oil-cooled annulus reactor, Catalysis Today, Volume 343, 2020, Pages 183-190, ISSN 0920-5861, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.03.041.
7
[8]. Usama Ahmed, Techno-economic feasibility of methanol synthesis using dual fuel system in a parallel process design configuration with control on green house gas emissions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 45, Issue 11, 2020, Pages 6278-6290,ISSN 0360-3199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.169.
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[9]. Melis S. Duyar, Alessandro Gallo, Jonathan L. Snider, Thomas F. Jaramillo, Low-pressure methanol synthesis from CO2 over metal-promoted Ni-Ga intermetallic catalysts, Journal of CO2 Utilization, Volume 39, 2020, 101151, ISSN 2212-9820, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.03.001.
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[10]. Shoujie Ren, Xiao Fan, Zeyu Shang, Weston R. Shoemaker, Lu Ma, Tianpin Wu, Shiguang Li, Naomi B. Klinghoffer, Miao Yu, Xinhua Liang, Enhanced catalytic performance of Zr modified CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst for methanol and DME synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation, Journal of CO2 Utilization, Volume 36, 2020, Pages 82-95, ISSN 2212-9820, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.11.013.
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[11]. Dominik Schack, Georg Liesche, Kai Sundmacher, The FluxMax approach: Simultaneous flux optimization and heat integration by discretization of thermodynamic state space illustrated on methanol synthesis process, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 215, 2020, 115382, ISSN 0009-2509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2019.115382.
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[12]. Wanqi Liu, Dunyou Wang, Junfeng Ren, Methanol synthesis from CO2/H2 on Cu (1 0 0): Two-tier ab initio molecular dynamics study, Applied Surface Science, Volume 505, 2020, 144528, ISSN 0169-4332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144528.
12
[13]. Tapio Salmi, Kari Eränen, Pasi Tolvanen, J.-P. Mikkola, Vincenzo Russo, Determination of kinetics and equilibria of heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase reactions in gradientless autoclave reactors by using the total pressure method: Methanol synthesis, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 215, 2020, 115393, ISSN 0009-2509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2019.115393.
13
[14]. Humberto Blanco, Stevie Hallen Lima, Victor de Oliveira Rodrigues, Luz Amparo Palacio, Arnaldo da Costa Faro Jr., Copper-manganese catalysts with high activity for methanol synthesis, Applied Catalysis A: General, Volume 579, 2019, Pages 65-74, ISSN 0926-860X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2019.04.021.
14
[15]. Shashwata Ghosh, Srinivas Seethamraju, Feasibility of reactive distillation for methanol synthesis, Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, Volume 145, 2019, 107673, ISSN 0255-2701, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2019.107673.
15
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[18]. Seyed Sina Hosseini, Mehdi Mehrpooya, Ali Sulaiman Alsagri, Abdulrahman A. Alrobaian, Introducing, evaluation and exergetic performance assessment of a novel hybrid system composed of MCFC, methanol synthesis process, and a combined power cycle, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 197, 2019, 111878, ISSN 0196-8904, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111878.Klara Wiese, Ali M. Abdel-Mageed, Alexander Klyushin, R. Jürgen Behm, Dynamic changes of Au/ZnO catalysts during methanol synthesis: A model study by temporal analysis of products (TAP) and Zn LIII near Edge X-Ray absorption spectroscopy, Catalysis Today, Volume 336, 2019, Pages 193-202, ISSN 0920-5861, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2018.11.074.
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[19]. Imran Abbas, Honggon Kim, Chae-Ho Shin, Sungho Yoon, Kwang-Deog Jung, Differences in bifunctionality of ZnO and ZrO2 in Cu/ZnO/ZrO2/Al2O3 catalysts in hydrogenation of carbon oxides for methanol synthesis, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 258, 2019, 117971, ISSN 0926-3373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.117971.
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[20]. R. Guil-López, N. Mota, J. Llorente, E. Millán, B. Pawelec, R. García, R.M. Navarro, J.L.G. Fierro, Data on TGA of precursors and SEM of reduced Cu/ZnO catalysts co-modified with aluminium and gallium for methanol synthesis, Data in Brief, Volume 24, 2019, 104010, ISSN 2352-3409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104010.
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[21]. Markus Kaiser, Hannsjörg Freund, A multimodular pseudoheterogeneous model framework for optimal design of catalytic reactors exemplified by methanol synthesis, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 206, 2019, Pages 401-423, ISSN 0009-2509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2019.04.036.
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[23]. Minji Son, Yesol Woo, Geunjae Kwak, Yun-Jo Lee, Myung-June Park, CFD modeling of a compact reactor for methanol synthesis: Maximizing productivity with increased thermal controllability, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 145, 2019, 118776, ISSN 0017-9310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118776.
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Study of Oxidant Effect on Lifetime of PEM Fuel Cell
In recent decades, fuel cells have been widely used in energy generation. In a PEMFC, considering the specific application, two types of oxidants are used. Durability tests, which are highly costly products, are of crucial importance in evaluating the lifetime of fuel cells. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the performance of a fuel cell by changing the type of oxidant from air to pure oxygen. Because of the presence of impurities in the air oxidant, a cell with air oxidant is more sensitive to operating conditions than one with pure oxygen. In this experiment, a single fuel cell was assembled and used for testing. The lifetime test was carried out in constant current, and the voltage decay rate was reported. Effects of various parameters, like air stoichiometry, Dew point Temperature, and Pressure, have been investigated. Increasing the stoichiometry of the oxidant to 3 greatly increased the voltage of the fuel cell, but no significant increase in the fuel cell voltage was observed in stoichiometries above this value. A comparison of inlet gas temperatures demonstrated that the fuel cell had the best performance at 75 °C, but due to the fluctuation of the output voltage at this temperature, the temperature was decreased to 65 °C. Finally, upon performing durability test with pure oxygen for 9 hours and comparing the results with those of air oxidant, the possibility of using a fuel cell with two different oxidants has been confirmed.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_913_a08628496c7c279af4029471e94c364e.pdf
2020-06-25
33
43
10.22104/ijhfc.2020.4068.1202
Long-term test
Oxidant Type
PEM fuel cell
Stoichiometry
Voltage Decay
Mojtaba
Hassani
mojtaba.hassani@stu.nit.ac.ir
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshiravani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
Majid
Rahgoshay
majid.rahgoshay@gmail.com
2
Fuel Cell lab, Malek Ashtar University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mazaher
Rahimi-Esbo
mrahimi@mut.ac.ir
3
Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Fuel Cell Technology Research Laboratory
AUTHOR
Kamran
Dadashi Firouzjaei
kdadashif@gmail.com
4
Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] F. Barbir, S. Yazici, Status and development of PEM fuel cell technology, International Journal of Energy Research, 32(5) (2008) 369-378.
1
[2] F. Hashemi, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Rezakazemi, CFD simulation of PEM fuel cell performance: effect of straight and serpentine flow fields, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 55(3-4) (2012) 1540-1557.
2
[3] C. Siegel, Review of computational heat and mass transfer modeling in polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cells, Energy, 33(9) (2008) 1331-1352.
3
[4] P.T. Nguyen, T. Berning, N. Djilali, Computational model of a PEM fuel cell with serpentine gas flow channels, Journal of Power Sources, 130(1-2) (2004) 149-157.
4
[5] M. Jouin, M. Bressel, S. Morando, R. Gouriveau, D. Hissel, M.-C. Péra, N. Zerhouni, S. Jemei, M. Hilairet, B.O. Bouamama, Estimating the end-of-life of PEM fuel cells: Guidelines and metrics, Applied energy, 177 (2016) 87-97.
5
[6] J.-M. Le Canut, R.M. Abouatallah, D.A. Harrington, Detection of membrane drying, fuel cell flooding, and anode catalyst poisoning on PEMFC stacks by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 153(5) (2006) A857-A864.
6
[7] S.-Y. Ahn, S.-J. Shin, H. Ha, S.-A. Hong, Y.-C. Lee, T. Lim, I.-H. Oh, Performance and lifetime analysis of the kW-class PEMFC stack, Journal of Power Sources, 106(1-2) (2002) 295-303.
7
[8] L. Dubau, L. Castanheira, M. Chatenet, F. Maillard, J. Dillet, G. Maranzana, S. Abbou, O. Lottin, G. De Moor, A. El Kaddouri, Carbon corrosion induced by membrane failure: the weak link of PEMFC long-term performance, international journal of hydrogen energy, 39(36) (2014) 21902-21914.
8
[9] S. Martin, P. Garcia-Ybarra, J. Castillo, Long-term operation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell without external humidification, Applied energy, 205 (2017) 1012-1020.
9
[10] J. Zhang, Z. Xie, J. Zhang, Y. Tang, C. Song, T. Navessin, Z. Shi, D. Song, H. Wang, D.P. Wilkinson, High temperature PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 160(2) (2006) 872-891.
10
[11] A.S. Arico, A. Stassi, E. Modica, R. Ornelas, I. Gatto, E. Passalacqua, V. Antonucci, Performance and degradation of high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell catalysts, Journal of Power Sources, 178(2) (2008) 525-536.
11
[12] Y. Song, H. Xu, Y. Wei, H.R. Kunz, L.J. Bonville, J.M. Fenton, Dependence of high-temperature PEM fuel cell performance on Nafion® content, Journal of Power Sources, 154(1) (2006) 138-144.
12
[13] W. Bi, T. Fuller, Abstract 395, The Electrochem. Soc, in: 212th ECS Meeting, Washington, DC, 2007.
13
[14] F. Nandjou, J.P. Poirot-Crouvezier, M. Chandesris, J.F. Blachot, C. Bonnaud, Y. Bultel, Impact of heat and water management on proton exchange membrane fuel cells degradation in automotive application, Journal of Power Sources, 326 (2016) 182-192.
14
[15] L. Vichard, R. Petrone, F. Harel, A. Ravey, P. Venet, D. Hissel, Long term durability test of open-cathode fuel cell system under actual operating conditions, Energy Conversion and Management, 212 (2020) 112813.
15
[16] S. Yang, S. Choi, Y. Kim, J. Yoon, S. Im, H. Choo, Improvement of Fuel Cell Durability Performance by Avoiding High Voltage, International Journal of Automotive Technology, 20(6) (2019) 1113-1121.
16
[17] S. Thomas, C. Jeppesen, T. Steenberg, S.S. Araya, J.R. Vang, S.K. Kær, New load cycling strategy for enhanced durability of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(44) (2017) 27230-27240.
17
[18] M. Rahimi-Esbo, A. Ranjbar, A. Ramiar, E. Alizadeh, M. Aghaee, Improving PEM fuel cell performance and effective water removal by using a novel gas flow field, international journal of hydrogen energy, 41(4) (2016) 3023-3037.
18
[19] M. Rahimi-Esbo, A. Ramiar, A. Ranjbar, E. Alizadeh, Design, manufacturing, assembling and testing of a transparent PEM fuel cell for investigation of water management and contact resistance at dead-end mode, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(16) (2017) 11673-11688.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of water transfer in gas diffusion layers with porosity gradient of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with parallel processing on GPU
This study used the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to evaluate water distribution in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of cathode PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs) with porosity gradient. Due to the LBM’s capability of parallel processing with a GPU and the high volume of computing necessary, especially for small grids, the GPU parallel processing was done on a graphics card with the help of CUDA to speed up computing. The two-phase flow boundary conditions in the GDL are similar to the water transfer in the GDL of the PEMFCs. The results show that capillary force is the main cause of water transfer in the GDL, and gravity has little effect on the water transfer. Also, the use of GPU parallel processing on the graphics card increases the computation speed up to 17 times, which has a significant effect on running time. To investigate the gradient of porosity of GDLs with different porosity gradients, but the same average porosity coefficient and the same particle diameter have been evaluated. The simulation results show that the GDL with a 10% porosity gradient compared to the GDL with uniform porosity results in a 20.2% reduction in the amount of liquid water in the porous layer. Hence, increasing the porosity gradient of the GDL, further decreases the amount of liquid water in the porous layer. So, for the GDL with a porosity gradient of 14% this decrease is 29.8% and for the GDL with porosity gradient 18.5% this decrease is 38.8% compared to the GDL with uniform porosity.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_905_ef1c183016d8bf965921b72d6d295395.pdf
2020-06-01
45
60
10.22104/ijhfc.2020.4056.1201
PEM fuel cell
Lattice Boltzmann Method
Gas Diffusion Layer
two-phase flow
GPU parallel processing
porosity gradient
mohammad
habiballahi
mohammad_habiballahi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Hassanzadeh
h.hassanzadeh@birjand.ac.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
mohammad
rahnama
mrahnama@gmail.com
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
seyed ali
mirbozorgi
samirbozorgi@yahoo.com
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Jahanshahi Javaran
h.hassanzadeh1342@birjand.ac.ir
5
Department of Energy, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Hassanzadeh, H., A. Ferdowsara, and M. Barzagary, Modeling of two phase flow in the cathode of gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 2014.
1
2. Hassanzadeh, H., S.H. Golkar, and M. Barzagary, Modeling of two phase and non-isothermal flow in polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Modares Mechanical Engineering, 2015. 15(2): p. 313-322.
2
3. Hassanzadeh, H. and S.H. Golkar, Modeling and Optimization of non-isothermal two-phase flow in the cathode gas diffusion layer of PEM fuel cell. Iranian Journal of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell, 2015. 2(3): p. 159-168.
3
4. Zhan, Z., et al., Effects of porosity distribution variation on the liquid water flux through gas diffusion layers of PEM fuel cells. Journal of power sources, 2006. 160(2): p. 1041-1048.
4
5. Song, D., et al., Transient analysis for the cathode gas diffusion layer of PEM fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2006. 159(2): p. 928-942.
5
6. Gerteisen, D., T. Heilmann, and C. Ziegler, Enhancing liquid water transport by laser perforation of a GDL in a PEM fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources, 2008. 177(2): p. 348-354.
6
7. Berning, T. and N. Djilali, A 3D, multiphase, multicomponent model of the cathode and anode of a PEM fuel cell. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2003. 150(12): p. A1589-A1598.
7
8. Luo, G., H. Ju, and C.-Y. Wang, Prediction of dry-wet-dry transition in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2007. 154(3): p. B316-B321.
8
9. Gurau, V., F. Barbir, and H. Liu, An analytical solution of a half‐cell Model for PEM fuel cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2000. 147(7): p. 2468-2477.
9
10. Shi, Z., X. Wang, and O. Draper, Effect of Porosity Distribution of Gas Diffusion Layer on Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ECS Transactions, 2007. 11(1): p. 637-646.
10
11. Huang, Y.-X., et al., Effects of porosity gradient in gas diffusion layers on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Energy, 2010. 35(12): p. 4786-4794.
11
12. Lee, C.-I., et al. Effect of Porosity Gradient in Gas Diffusion Layer on Cell Performance With Thin-Film Agglomerate Model in Cathode Catalyst Layer of a PEM Fuel Cell. in ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection.
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13. Tseng, C.-J. and S.-K. Lo, Effects of microstructure characteristics of gas diffusion layer and microporous layer on the performance of PEMFC. Energy Conversion and Management, 2010. 51(4): p. 677-684.
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14. Oh, H., et al., Effects of pore size gradient in the substrate of a gas diffusion layer on the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Applied energy, 2015. 149: p. 186-193.
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15. Chen, F., M.-H. Chang, and P.-T. Hsieh, Two-phase transport in the cathode gas diffusion layer of PEM fuel cell with a gradient in porosity. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008. 33(10): p. 2525-2529.
15
16. Kim, K.N., et al., Lattice Boltzmann simulation of liquid water transport in microporous and gas diffusion layers of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2015. 278: p. 703-717.
16
17. Molaeimanesh, G. and M. Akbari, Impact of PTFE distribution on the removal of liquid water from a PEMFC electrode by lattice Boltzmann method. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014. 39(16): p. 8401-8409.
17
18. Shakerinejad, E., et al., Increasing the performance of gas diffusion layer by insertion of small hydrophilic layer in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018. 43(4): p. 2410-2428.
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19. Shan, X. and H. Chen, Lattice Boltzmann model for simulating flows with multiple phases and components. Physical Review E, 1993. 47(3): p. 1815.
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20. Huang, H., M. Sukop, and X. Lu, Multiphase lattice Boltzmann methods: Theory and application. 2015: John Wiley & Sons.
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21. Li, W., X. Wei, and A. Kaufman, Implementing lattice Boltzmann computation on graphics hardware. The Visual Computer, 2003. 19(7-8): p. 444-456.
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22. Kuznik, F., et al., LBM based flow simulation using GPU computing processor. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2010. 59(7): p. 2380-2392.
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23. Riegel, E., T. Indinger, and N.A. Adams, Implementation of a Lattice–Boltzmann method for numerical fluid mechanics using the nVIDIA CUDA technology. Computer Science-Research and Development, 2009. 23(3-4): p. 241-247.
23
24. Cheng, P., et al., Application of lattice Boltzmann methods for the multiphase fluid pipe flow on graphical processing unit. The Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows, 2018. 10(3): p. 109-118.
24
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26. Mukherjee, P.P., C.-Y. Wang, and Q. Kang, Mesoscopic modeling of two-phase behavior and flooding phenomena in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochimica Acta, 2009. 54(27): p. 6861-6875.
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31
32. Tölke, J., Implementation of a Lattice Boltzmann kernel using the Compute Unified Device Architecture developed by nVIDIA. Computing and Visualization in Science, 2010. 13(1): p. 29.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Methane Steam Reforming Reactions in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
The present study evaluated the rate of methane steam reforming (MSR) in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In this regard, a numerical model is applied to investage the effects of different parameters on the reactants concentration and temperature distributions in the SOFCs. The developed model is based on the Lattice Boltzmann method (D2Q9) and validated with experimental results. Parametric effects, including current density, anode porosity, steam to carbon ratio (S/C), and Reynolds number of the inlet flow in the anode channel, are surveyed as a new parameter. Also, the results of reactant concentrations are illustrated in two-dimensions. These results showed that the porosity and Reynolds number of flow have the lowest and highest impact on the reaction rate of MSR, respectively. The lowest MSR rate at the center of the SOFC happened when the Reynolds number of the input flow equals 5, and the highest MSR rate occured when the Reynolds number is 15 or the steam to carbon ratio equaled to 1.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_940_483b19a241f5a00ee123b83656484e24.pdf
2020-09-30
61
79
10.22104/ijhfc.2020.4205.1204
Solid oxide fuel cell
Methane Steam Reforming
Lattice Boltzmann Method
Reaction rate
Concentration distribution
Mehdi
Rahimi Takami
mrahimitakami@gmail.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
AUTHOR
Davood
Domairry Ganji
ddg_davood@yahoo.com
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Aghajani Delavar
m.a.delavar@nit.ac.ir
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahriar
Bozorgmehri
sbozorgmehri@nri.ac.ir
4
Renewable Energy Department, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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50
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Design and Analysis of an Innovative Dead-end Cascade-type PEMFC Stack at Different Orientations
In this paper, the design and experimental study of a 4-cells cascade-type polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack with integrated humidifiers and water separators are presented. The PEM fuel cell stack is subdivided into two stages to minimize the quantity of exhaust gases during operation. A dead-end condition is applied for both cathode and anode sides of the PEM fuel cell stack. In a dead-end mode, the end-stage is designed to entirely use the reactant gases in the operation. Periodical purging is utilized to remove the accumulated water or impurities from the cascade-type PEM fuel cell stack. Comparison of cascade-type PEM fuel cell stack operation in a dead-end mode with a flow-through mode is performed. Results revealed that integrating humidifiers and water separators with the stack improved the volume power density of the PEM fuel cell stack. Moreover, since more liquid water was produced on the cathode side, the fluctuation of purge cell voltage of the cathode side is higher than that of the anode side. In addition, a technique is applied to control the pressure fluctuation of both sides of the PEM fuel cell.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_977_898ec6c6f47cb3e8d516367fb3f152e2.pdf
2020-12-16
81
96
10.22104/ijhfc.2020.4456.1210
Experimental study
Cascade-type PEM fuel cell
Dead-end condition
Stack design
Mazaher
Rahimi-Esbo
mrahimi@mut.ac.ir
1
North Institute of Science & Technology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Barzegari
barzegari@mut.ac.ir
2
North Institute of Science & Technology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran.
AUTHOR
Majid
khorshidian
khorshidian@mut.ac.ir
3
North Institute of Science & Technology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran.
AUTHOR
Majid
Rahgoshay
majid.rahgoshay@gmail.com
4
North Institute of Science & Technology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] T. Wilberforce, A. Alaswad, A. Palumbo, M. Dassisti, A. Olabi, Advances in stationary and portable fuel cell applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(37) (2016) 16509-16522.
1
[2] E. Alizadeh, M. Barzegari, M. Momenifar, M. Ghadimi, S. Saadat, Investigation of contact pressure distribution over the active area of PEM fuel cell stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(4) (2016) 3062-3071.
2
[3] M.M. Barzegari, M. Dardel, E. Alizadeh, A. Ramiar, Dynamic modeling and validation studies of dead-end cascade H 2/O 2 PEM fuel cell stack with integrated humidifier and separator, Applied Energy, 177 (2016) 298-308.
3
[4] E. Alizadeh, M. Khorshidian, S. Saadat, S. Rahgoshay, M. Rahimi-Esbo, Experimental Study on a 1000W Dead-End H, Iranian Journal of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell, 3 (2016) 183-197.
4
[5] E. Alizadeh, M. Ghadimi, M. Barzegari, M. Momenifar, S. Saadat, Development of contact pressure distribution of PEM fuel cell's MEA using novel clamping mechanism, Energy, 131 (2017) 92-97.
5
[6] F. Barbir, PEM fuel cells: theory and practice, Academic Press, 2012.
6
[7] M. Rahimi-Esbo, A. Ranjbar, A. Ramiar, E. Alizadeh, M. Aghaee, Improving PEM fuel cell performance and effective water removal by using a novel gas flow field, international journal of hydrogen energy, 41(4) (2016) 3023-3037.
7
[8] E. Alizadeh, S. Rahgoshay, M. Rahimi-Esbo, M. Khorshidian, S. Saadat, A novel cooling flow field design for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(20) (2016) 8525-8532.
8
[9] D. Jenssen, O. Berger, U. Krewer, Improved PEM fuel cell system operation with cascaded stack and ejector-based recirculation, Applied Energy, 195 (2017) 324-333.
9
[10] M.M. Barzegari, E. Alizadeh, A.H. Pahnabi, Grey-box modeling and model predictive control for cascade-type PEMFC, Energy, (2017).
10
[11] F. Migliardini, C. Capasso, P. Corbo, Optimization of hydrogen feeding procedure in PEM fuel cell systems for transportation, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(36) (2014) 21746-21752.
11
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