ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A new approach to microstructure optimization of solid oxide fuel cell electrodes
Designing optimal microstructures for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes is complicated due to the multitude of electro-chemo-physical phenomena taking place simultaneously that directly affect working conditions of a SOFC electrode and its performance. In this study, a new design paradigm is presented to obtain a balance between electrochemical sites in the form of triple phase boundary (TPB) density and physical properties in the form of gas diffusivity in the microstructure of a SOFC electrode. The method builds on top of a previously developed methodology for digital realization of generic microstructures with different geometric properties in ionic or electronic conductor grains. The obtained realizations of SOFC electrode are then used to calculate TPB density and gas transport factor. In the next step, based on the obtained database, a neural network is trained to relate input geometrical parameters to those output properties. The results indicate that the TPB density is less sensitive to the geometry than the gas transport factor. Also, the smaller particles in the ionic and electronic conductor phase lead to a higher amount of TPB density. The presented methodology is also used to obtain the maximum feasible properties of microstructures and their related geometric characteristics for special target functions like maximum reaction sites and gas diffusivity in a realized model. The tradeoff between input and output parameters is another application of this modeling approach which demonstrates the TPB density and gas transport factor variation versus the geometric anisotropy of particles and porosity, respectively.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_542_f771de2775a2a3bf94d7ff2cf9550dda.pdf
2017-06-01
93
102
10.22104/ijhfc.2017.2353.1146
Microstructure optimization
Realization of Microstructure
Solid oxide fuel cell
Mehdi
Tafazoli
tafazoli@stu.nit.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohsen
Shakeri
shakeri@nit.ac.ir
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Riazat
mohammad.parax@gmail.com
3
3School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
majid
baniassadi
m.baniassadi@ut.ac.ir
4
3School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
1. Andersson, M., J. Yuan, and B. Sundén, "SOFC modeling considering electrochemical reactions at the active three phase boundaries", International journal of heat and mass transfer, 2012. 55(4): p. 773-788.
1
2. Matsuzaki, Y. and I. Yasuda, "Electrochemical properties of reduced-temperature SOFCs with mixed ionic–electronic conductors in electrodes and/or interlayers", Solid State Ionics, 2002. 152: p. 463-468.
2
3. Choi, J.H., J.H. Jang, and S.M. Oh, "Microstructure and cathodic performance of La 0.9 Sr 0.1 MnO 3/yttria-stabilized zirconia composite electrodes", Electrochimica Acta, 2001. 46(6): p. 867-874.
3
4. Murray, E.P., T. Tsai, and S.A. Barnett, "Oxygen transfer processes in (La, Sr) MnO 3/Y 2 O 3-stabilized ZrO 2 cathodes: an impedance spectroscopy study", Solid State Ionics, 1998. 110(3): p. 235-243.
4
5. Yokokawa, H., et al., "Fundamental mechanisms limiting solid oxide fuel cell durability", Journal of Power Sources, 2008. 182(2): p. 400-412.
5
6. McIntosh, S., et al., "Effect of polarization on and implications for characterization of LSM-YSZ composite cathodes", Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2004. 7(5): p. A111-A114.
6
7. Zhao, F., et al. "The effect of electrode microstructure on cathodic polarization. in Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells", 2001. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ.
7
8. Wilson, J.R., et al., "Effect of composition of (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3–Y 2 O 3-stabilized ZrO 2) cathodes: Correlating three-dimensional microstructure and polarization resistance", Journal of Power Sources, 2010. 195(7): p. 1829-1840.
8
9. Wilson, J.R., et al., "Quantitative three-dimensional microstructure of a solid oxide fuel cell cathode", Electrochemistry Communications, 2009. 11(5): p. 1052-1056.
9
10. Haanappel, V., et al., "Optimisation of processing and microstructural parameters of LSM cathodes to improve the electrochemical performance of anode-supported SOFCs", Journal of Power Sources, 2005. 141(2): p. 216-226.
10
11. Schmidt, V.H. and C.-L. Tsai, "Anode-pore tortuosity in solid oxide fuel cells found from gas and current flow rates", Journal of Power Sources, 2008. 180(1): p. 253-264.
11
12. Jeon, D.H., J.H. Nam, and C.-J. Kim, "Microstructural optimization of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells by a comprehensive microscale model", Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2006. 153(2): p. A406-A417.
12
13. Sebdani, M.M., et al., "Designing an optimal 3D microstructure for three-phase solid oxide fuel cell anodes with maximal active triple phase boundary length (TPBL)", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015. 40(45): p. 15585-15596.
13
14. Riazat, M., et al., "Investigation of the property hull for solid oxide fuel cell microstructures", Computational Materials Science, 2017. 127: p. 1-7.
14
15. Baniassadi, M., et al., "Three-phase solid oxide fuel cell anode microstructure realization using two-point correlation function", Acta materialia, 2011. 59(1): p. 30-43.
15
16. Adams, B.L., S. Kalidindi, and D.T. Fullwood, "Microstructure-sensitive design for performance optimization", 2013: Butterworth-Heinemann.
16
17. Baniassadi, M., et al., "New approximate solution for N-point correlation functions for heterogeneous materials", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2012. 60(1): p. 104-119.
17
18. Janardhanan, V.M., V. Heuveline, and O. Deutschmann, "Three-phase boundary length in solid-oxide fuel cells: A mathematical model", Journal of Power Sources, 2008. 178(1): p. 368-372.
18
19. He, W., W. Lv, and J. Dickerson, "Gas transport in solid oxide fuel cells", 2014: Springer.
19
20. Zhao, F., T.J. Armstrong, and A.V. Virkar, "Measurement of O 2 N 2 Effective Diffusivity in Porous Media at High Temperatures Using an Electrochemical Cell", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2003. 150(3): p. A249-A256.
20
21. Fleig, J. and J. Maier, "The polarization of mixed conducting SOFC cathodes: Effects of surface reaction coefficient, ionic conductivity and geometry", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2004. 24(6): p. 1343-1347.
21
22. Fullwood, D.T., et al., "Microstructure sensitive design for performance optimization", Progress in Materials Science, 2010. 55(6): p. 477-562.
22
23. Tanner, C.W., K.Z. Fung, and A.V. Virkar, "The effect of porous composite electrode structure on solid oxide fuel cell performance I. Theoretical analysi", Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1997. 144(1): p. 21-30.
23
24. Kishimoto, M., et al., "Towards the Microstructural Optimization of SOFC Electrodes Using Nano Particle Infiltration", ECS Transactions, 2014. 64(2): p. 93-102.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Simulation of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with External Steam Methane Reforming and Bypass
Fuel flexibility is a significant advantage of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and can be attributed to their high operating temperature. The eligibility of a combined heat and power (CHP) system has been investigated as a new power generation methode, in this study. Natural gas fueled SOFC power systems via methane steam reforming (MSR) yield electrical conversion efficiencies exceeding 50% and may become a viable alternative for distributed generation in Iran. Since the heat to power ratio of a common SOFC system is 2:1, an efficient heat recovery system has been considered to supply required heat of steam producer and recuperative heat exchangers. All the different main components in the comprehensive system were modeled and then simulated. Results showed high total energy efficiency along with minimum heat loss are feasible in the proposed cycle. Moreover, desirable methane and hydrogen conversion ratios have been attained which utilized this system for commercial power generation purposes. Eventually, cathode recycling effect on MSR combustor operation has been indicated.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_548_8e6377abf0a51ce117d1c3eb2302edd0.pdf
2017-06-01
103
118
10.22104/ijhfc.2017.2392.1151
Solid oxide fuel cell
Methane Steam Reforming
Energy efficiency
Heat Recovery
Hassan Ali
Ozgoli
a.ozgoli@irost.ir
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)
AUTHOR
Alireza
Allahyari
allahyari@irost.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Larminie, J., Dicks, A., Fuel Cell Systems Explained, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, 2000.
1
[2] Williams, M.C., 7th ed., Fuel Cell Handbook, EG&G Technical Services, Inc., 2004.
2
[3] Ozgoli, H.A., Ghadamian, H., Roshandel, R., Moghadasi, M., “Alternative Biomass Fuels Consideration Exergy and Power Analysis for a Hybrid System Includes PSOFC and GT Integration”, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2015, 37: 1962-1970.
3
[4] Ozgoli, H.A., Ghadamian, H., Farzaneh, H. “Energy Efficiency Improvement Analysis Considering Environmental Aspects in Regard to Biomass Gasification PSOFC-GT Power Generation System”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2013, 17: 831-841.
4
[5] Ghadamian, H., Hamidi, A.A., Farzaneh, H., Ozgoli, H.A., “Thermo-economic analysis of absorption air cooling system for pressurized solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine cycle”, Journal of Renewable and sustainable Energy, 2012, 4: 1-14.
5
[6] Ozgoli, H.A., Ghadamian, H., Hamidi, A.A., “Modeling SOFC & GT Integrated-Cycle Power System with Energy Consumption Minimizing Target to Improve Comprehensive cycle Performance (Applied in pulp and paper, case studied)”, International Journal of Engineering Technology, 2012, 1: 1-6.
6
[7] Ozgoli, H.A., Moghadasi, M., Farhani, F., Sadigh, M. “Modeling and Simulation of an Integrated Gasification SOFC-CHAT Cycle to Improve Power and Efficiency”, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2017, 36: 610-618.
7
[8] Tsiakaras, P., Demin, A., “Thermodynamic analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell system fuelled by ethanol”, Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 102: 210-217.
8
[9] Braun, R.J., Klein, S.A., Reindl, D.T., “Evaluation of system configurations for solid oxide fuel cell-based micro-combined heat and power generators in residential applications”, Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 158: 1290-1305.
9
[10] Powell, M., Meinhardt, K., Sprenkle, V., Chick, L., McVay, G., “Demonstration of a highly efficient solid oxide fuel cell power system using adiabatic steam reforming and anode gas recirculation”, Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 205: 377–384.
10
[11] Halinen, M., Rautanen, M., Saarinen, J., Pennanen, J., Pohjoranta, A., Kiviaho, J., Pastula, M., Nuttall, B., Rankin, C., Borglum, B., “Performance of a 10 kW SOFC Demonstration Unit”, ECS Transactions, 2011, 35: 113–120.
11
[12] Halinen, M., Pohjoranta, A., Kujanpää, L., Väisänen, V., Salminen, P., “Summary of the RealDemo – project 2012-2014”, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2014.
12
[13] Yakabe, H., Ogiwara, T., Hishinuma, M., Yasuda, I., “3-D model calculation for planar SOFC”, Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 102: 144-154.
13
[14] Aguiar, P., Adjiman, C. S., Brandon, N. P., “Anode-supported intermediate temperature direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell. I: model-based steady-state”, Journal of Power Sources 2004, 138: 120-136.
14
[15] Sanchez, D., Chacartegui, R., Munoz, A., Sanchez, T., “On the effect of methane internal reforming modelling in solid oxide fuel cells”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33: 1834-1844.
15
[16] Al-Sulaiman, F. A., Dincer, I., Hamdullahpur, F., “Energy analysis of a trigeneration plant based on solid oxide fuel cell and organic Rankine cycle”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35: 5104–5113.
16
[17] Meshcheryakov, V. D., Kirillov, V. A., Sobyanin, V. A., “Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System with External Natural Gas Reforming”, Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 2006, 40: 51–58.
17
[18] Becker, W.L., Braun, R.J., Penev, M., Melaina, M., “Design and technoeconomic performance analysis of a 1 MW solid oxide fuel cell polygeneration system for combined production of heat, hydrogen, and power”, Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 200: 34–44.
18
[19] Colson, C. M., Nehrir, M. H., “Evaluating the Benefits of a Hybrid Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Plant for Energy Sustainability and Emissions Avoidance”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2011, 26: 141-148.
19
[20] US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, and RDS, “Natural Gas-Fueled Distributed Generation Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems”, 2009.
20
[21] Chick, L., Weimar, M., Whyatt, G., Powell, M., “The Case for Natural Gas Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems for Distributed Generation”, Fuel Cells, 2015, 15: 49–60.
21
[22] Geerssen, T.M., “Physical properties of natural gases, Properties of Groningen Natural Gas”, N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, 1988, page 31.
22
[23] Haussinger, L.R., Watson, A., “UllmannÕs Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.”, Weinheim, Germany, http://www.wiley-vch.de, online edition, 2002.
23
[24] Hoogers, G., Fuel Cell Technology Handbook, chapter 5, The Fueling Problem: Fuel Cell Systems, CRC Press LLC, 2003.
24
[25] Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., Sehested, J., Norskov, J.K., “Hydrogen and synthesis gas by steam and CO2 reforming,” Advances in Catalysis, 2002, 47: 65-139.
25
[26] Valenzuela, M.A., Zapata, B., Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils and Residual, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007.
26
[27] Newsome, D.S., The water-gas shift reaction. Catalysis Reviews, 1980, Available in: http://dx.doi.
27
org/10.1080/03602458008067535.
28
[28] Singhal, S.C., Kendall, K., High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fundamentals, Design and Applications. ISBN: 1856173879. Elsevier, 2003.
29
[29] Bove, R., Ubertini, S., Modeling Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Springer, 2008.
30
[30] O’Hayre, R.P., Cha, S.W., Colella, W., Prinz, F.B., Fuel Cell Fundamentals. ISBN: 0471741485. John Wiley & Sons, INC., 2006.
31
[31] Lisbona, P., Corradetti, A., Bove, R., Lunghi, P., “Analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell system for combined heat and power applications under non-nominal conditions,” Electrochimica Acta, 2007, 53: 1920-1930.
32
[32] Toonssen, R., “Sustainable Power from Biomass, Comparison of technologies for centralized or de-centralized fuel cell systems”, PhD thesis, TU Delft, 2010.
33
[33] Hazarika, M.M., Ghosh, S., “Simulated Performance Analysis of a GT-MCFC Hybrid System Fed with Natural Gas”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2013, 3: 292-298.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hydrogen sensing by localized surface plasmon resonance in colloidal solutions of Au-WO3-Pd
Nowadays, hydrogen has attracted significant attention as a next generation clean energy source. Hydrogen is highly flammable, so detection of hydrogen gas is required. Gold nanoparticle based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is an advanced and powerful sensing technique, which is well known for its high sensitivity to surrounding refractive index change in the local environment. We put particular focus on how LSPR of gold nanoparticles can be used to sense hydrogen gas. Additionally, metal oxides are generally used as materials for high sensitivity and fast response H2 sensors. Therefore, we used both an Au and WO3 colloidal with a PdCl2 solution added as a hydrogen catalyst. In this work, colloidal WO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by an anodizing method and Au NPs were obtained by pulsed Nd:YAG laser ablation. The gold NPs showed a LSPR absorption band over the visible and near infrared region. When Au nanoparticles were added to the mixture of WO3 and PdCl2, the plasmon peak of Au nanoparticles shifted to a longer wavelength in the presence of hydrogen gas. Structural, morphological and optical properties of colloids were investigated by using a XRD, TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, respectively.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_557_54bf3099e72400bbc73a0cf662af2ef5.pdf
2017-11-21
119
124
10.22104/ijhfc.2017.2374.1149
hydrogen sensor
gold nanoparticles
localized surface plasmon resonance
pulsed laser ablation, colloidal tungsten oxide
ameneh
farnood
a.farnood@ph.iut.ac.ir
1
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Ranjbar
ranjbar@cc.iut.ac.ir
2
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hadi
Salamati
3
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] William J., Matthew B., "An overview of hydrogen safety sensors and requirements", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36: 2462.
1
[2] Hübert T., Boon-brett L. , GBanach U., "Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical Hydrogen sensors – A review", 2011, 157:329.
2
[3] Hitchcock C. H. S., "Determination of Hydrogen as a Marker in Irradiated Frozen Food", Sci. Food Agric, 2000, 80:131.
3
[4] Wadell C., Syrenova S., Langhammer C., "Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensing with Nanostructured Metal Hydrides", American Chemical Society, 2014, 11925.
4
[5] Manthiram K., Alivisatos A., "Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Tungsten Oxide Nanocrystals", Am. Chem. Soc, 2012, 134: 3995.
5
[6] Katherine A., Willets and Richard P., Van D., "Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy and Sensing", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem, 2007, 58: 267.
6
[6] Kim, S.; Park, S., Lee, C. (2015); “Acetone sensing of Au and Pd-decorated WO3 nanorod sensors”; Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical; No. 209; pp.180.
7
[7] Kim S., Park S., Lee C., "Acetone sensing of Au and Pd-decorated WO3 nanorod sensors", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 209: 180.
8
[8]Filippo E., Serra A., Manno, D. "Poly(vinyl alcohol) capped silver nanoparticles as localized surface Plasmon resonance-based hydrogen peroxide sensor", Sensors and Actuators B, 2009, 138:625.
9
[9] Choi S.W., Katoch A., Sun G.J., Kim S.S., "Bimetallic Pd/Pt nanoparticle-functionalized SnO2 nanowires for fast response and recovery to NO2", Sens.Actuators B, 2013, 181:446.
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Finite Element Simulation and ANFIS Prediction of Dimensional Error Effect on distribution of BPP/GDL Contact Pressure in PEM Fuel Cell
Distribution of contact pressure between the bipolar plate and gas diffusion layer considerably affect the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In this regard, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is developed to predict the contact pressure distribution on the gas diffusion layer due to dimensional errors of the bipolar plate ribs in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Firstly, the main data set of input/output vectors for training and testing of the ANFIS is prepared based on a finite element simulation of the contact between bipolar plate and gas diffusion layer. An experimental procedure is used to validate the simulation results. Then, the ANFIS is developed and validated using the randomly selected data series for network testing. The applied ANFIS model has ten inputs made up of the dimensional errors of the bipolar plate ribs (e1 … e10). The standard deviation of contact pressure distribution (Pstd) on the gas diffusion layer is the unique output of the ANFIS model. To select the best ANFIS model, the average errors of various architectures two different data series of training and testing of the main data set are calculated. Results indicated that the developed ANFIS has an acceptable performance in predicting the contact pressure distribution for the cited fuel cell model. The proposed integrated prediction model is feasible and effective for the dimensional tolerances considered. This method can reduce computing time and cost considering the acceptable accuracy of the obtaining results, and can be used to analyze the effects of dimensional errors of bipolar plate on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_556_fa3a39af27ca45d49033d6b45bfb3250.pdf
2017-11-25
125
138
10.22104/ijhfc.2017.2288.1141
PEM fuel cell
ANFIS
bipolar plate
GDL contact pressure
dimensional error
Pouya
Pashaie
p.pashaie@stu.nit.ac.ir
1
Fuel Cell Research and Technology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Shakeri
shakeri@nit.ac.ir
2
Fuel Cell Research and Technology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Salman
Nourouzi
s-nourouzi@nit.ac.ir
3
Fuel Cell Research and Technology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Hoogers G., Fuel Cell Technology Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.
1
[2] Zhou P., Wu C.W. and Ma G.J., “Contact resistance prediction and structure optimization of bipolar plates”, J. Power Sources, 2006, 159: 1115.
2
[3] Zhou Y., Lin G., Shih A.J. and Hu S.J., “Assembly pressure and membrane swelling in PEM fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, 2009, 192: 544.
3
[4] Mishra V., Yang F. and Pitchumani R., “Measurement and Prediction of Electrical Contact Resistance Between Gas Diffusion Layers and Bipolar Plate for Applications to PEM Fuel Cells”, J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol., 2004, 1: 2.
4
[5] Hasan A.D., Jin S.H. and Joongmyeon B., “Effect of GDL permeability on water and thermal management in PEMFCs – I. Isotropic and anisotropic permeability”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33: 3767.
5
[6] Lee W.K., Ho C.H., Van Zee J.W. and Murthy M., “The effects of compression and gas diffusion layers on the performance of a PEM fuel cell”, J. Power Sources, 1999, 84: 45.
6
[7] Andreas V., Kenneth K., Jim D. and Jim S., “Effect of material and manufacturing variations on membrane electrode assembly pressure distribution”, In: First international conference on fuel cell science engineering and technology, 2003, Rochester, New York, USA.
7
[8] Lee S.J., Hsu C.D. and Huang C.H., “Analyses of the fuel cell stack assembly pressure”, J. Power Sources, 2005, 145: 353.
8
[9] Wen C.Y., Lin Y.S. and Lu C.H., “Experimental study of clamping effects on the performances of a single proton exchange membrane fuel cell and a 10-cell stack”; J. Power Sources, 2009, 192: 475.
9
[10] Zhou P., Wu C.W. and Ma G.J., “Influence of clamping force on the performance of PEMFCs”; J. Power Sources, 2007, 163: 874.
10
[11] Bograchev D., Gueguen M., Grandidier J.C. and Martemianov S., “Stress and plastic deformation of MEA in running fuel cell”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33: 5703.
11
[12] Tang Y., Kusoglu A., Karlsson A.M., Santare M.H., Cleghorn S. and Johnson W.B., “Mechanical properties of a reinforced composite polymer electrolyte membrane and its simulated performance in PEM fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, 2008, 175: 817–825.
12
[13] Liu D., Peng L. and Lai X., “Effect of dimensional error of metallic bipolar plate on the GDL pressure distribution in the PEM fuel cell”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34: 990.
13
[14] Liu D., Peng L. and Lai X., “Effect of assembly error of bipolar plate on the contact pressure distribution and stress failure of membrane electrode assembly in proton exchange membrane fuel cell”, J. Power Sources, 2010, 195: 4213.
14
[15] Lee W.K., Ho C.H., Van Zee J.W. and Murthy M., “The effects of compression and gas diffusion layers on the performance of a PEM fuel cell”, J. Power Sources, 1999, 84: 45.
15
[16] Wang X.T., Song Y. and Zhang B., “Experimental study on clamping pressure distribution in PEM fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, 2008, 179: 305.
16
[17] Yi P.Y., Peng L.F. and Ni J. “A numerical model for predicting gas diffusion layer failure in proton exchange membrane fuel cells”, J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol., 2011, 8: 011011.1.
17
[18] JANG J.S.R., “ANFIS: Adaptive-Network- Based Fuzzy Inference System”, IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 1993, 23: 665.
18
[19] Hagan M.T., Demuth H.B. and Beale M., “NeuralNetwork Design”, PWS Publishing Company, Boston, 1996.
19
[20] The Math Works Inc. Product, 2005, Neural Network Toolbox Version 4.0.1 MATLAB 7.0.1 release 14 service pack 3, The Math Works Inc.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of solvent of titanium precursor in the sol-gel process on the activity of TiO2 nanoparticles for H2 production
A modified sol-gel process has been found to significantly improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticle in the process of solar hydrogen production. The surface of TiO2 nanoparticles were modified by the optimization of solvent of titanium precursor (acetic acid and/or ethanol) in the sol-gel method. A multi technique approach (SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS and TGA) was used to characterize the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic hydrogen production was tested using a suspension of photocatalyst TiO2 at 10 vol. % methanol under natural solar light. The produced hydrogen was subjected to gas chromatography with a continuous flow of N2 in the photoreactor system. It was found that the TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized with acetic acid as the solvent of titanium precursor, TiO2-AA, have a better photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production compared to nanoparticles synthesized with ethanol, TiO2-EA. The obtained results showed that the better crystallinity, small size and proper surface properties of TiO2-AA nanoparticles is due to higher photoactivity.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_569_0c970d8e8d748f0a014877c353db3a8f.pdf
2017-11-26
139
151
10.22104/ijhfc.2017.2372.1147
H2 production
Solar light
TiO2 nanoparticles
Photocatalyst
Maryam
Taherinia
mtaherinia@mut-es.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemistry, Maleke Ashtar University of Technology, Shahin-Shahr, Isfahan,Islamic Republic of Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Nasiri
nasiri@mut-es.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemistry, Maleke Ashtar University of Technology, Shahin-Shahr, Isfahan,Islamic Republic of Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Abedini
e.abedini@mut-es.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemistry, Maleke Ashtar University of Technology, Shahin-Shahr, Isfahan,Islamic Republic of Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Pouretedal
hr-pouretedal@mut-es.ac.ir
4
Department of Chemistry, Maleke Ashtar University of Technology, Shahin-Shahr, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Vinothkumar N., De M., “Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production from water–methanol mixture using cerium and nonmetals (B/C/N/S) co-doped titanium dioxide”. Mater Renew Sustain Energy. 2014, 3:25
1
[2] Ismail A a., Bahnemann D.W. , “Photochemical splitting of water for hydrogen production by photocatalysis: A review”, Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells , 2014, 128:85.
2
[3] Hakamizadeh M., Afshar S., Tadjarodi A., et. al., “Improving hydrogen production via water splitting over Pt/TiO2/activated carbon nanocomposite”. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39:7262.
3
[4] Hong E., Choi J., Kim J. H. “ Monolithic film photocatalyst and its application for hydrogen production with repeated unit structures”, Thin Solid Films, 2013, 527:363.
4
[5] Moradi H., Eshaghi A., Rahman S., Ghani K., “ Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Fabrication of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and investigation of photocatalytic decolorization of reactive red 198 under visible light irradiation”, Ultrason Sonochem, 2016, 32:314.
5
[6] You X., Chen F., Zhang J., “ Effects of calcination on the physical and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 powders prepared by sol-gel template method”. J. Sol-Gel Sci Technol , 2005, 34:181.
6
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of CO in the reformatted fuel on the performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell
There are several obstacles to the commercialization of PEM fuel cells. One of the reasons is that the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) in the reformatted fuel, even at a very small scale, decreases the fuel cell performance. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of CO in reformatted fuel on PEM fuel cell performance. For this purpose, a steady state, one-dimensional and non-isothermal model is utilized to evaluate the PEM fuel cell performance with and without CO in the fuel stream. The governing equations which includes the conservation of mass, energy and species equations are solved in MATLAB software and validated by the available data in the literatures. The results indicate that when pure hydrogen is used as anode fuel the activation loss of the cathode is very large relative to the anode value; also, the maximum temperature occurs in the cathode catalyst layer. When reformatted fuel is applied as anode gas stream, activation loss and anode temperature increase by increasing the CO concentration in the reformatted fuel. As example, when CO concentration is over 50 ppm in the fuel stream, the activation loss and anode will be higher than the relevant amounts in cathode catalyst layer. Also it is observed that by increasing the fuel cell temperature and anode pressure, the CO effects on fuel cell performance are reduced.
https://hfe.irost.ir/article_565_31a6addd7f9b252fe0ff09208018d22d.pdf
2017-12-02
153
165
10.22104/ijhfc.2017.2386.1150
PEM fuel cell
CO Poisoning
kinetic effect
Mostafa
Tanha
mostafa_saber69@yahoo.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Hassanzadeh
h.hassanzadeh@birjand.ac.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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